Sexuality And Gender Relationship Values - 1874 Words

Sexuality and Gender Relationship Values in Young Adulthood Michelle Moreno Union Institute and University Human Growth and Development CPM 506 Dr. Andrew Vengrove August 16, 2014 Abstract This scholarly paper focuses on sexuality and relationship values in young adulthood. It will draw mostly on the relationship values of gender, marriage, and sexual orientation. Other than for procreation, very little research has been done that has not involved western cultures. Because of this lack of knowledge, this paper mainly focuses on the research that has been conducted in the West. The focus of sexuality in the West is much more liberal and is not so much concerned with procreation but rather on connecting two individuals who are†¦show more content†¦The traditional sense of a union between young adults is to encourage sexual relations is to have children. In the West, sexual activity in young adulthood is less focused on continuing the bloodline. Conversely, an active sex life is considered to be central for supporting the intimacy of the couple’s union as well as their mutual enjoyment and pleasure. â€Å"Extensive research in the West reports that sexual enjoyment between young adult couples promotes as well as reflects emotional closeness in their relationship† (Arnett, p. 487, 2012). Are there any differences in how relationship values are viewed by gender and/or sexual identity? This paper will present various studies to further explore relationship values in the context of gender and sexuality. Relationship Values Recent decades have brought significant social changes in the industrialized West that may influence young adults attitudes about intimate relationships (Meier, Hull Ortyl, 2009). According to a Meier, Hull, and Ortyl (2009) research, it was discovered that the majority of young adults lean toward the dominant relationship values intrinsic in an ideology of romance and love. However, they also discovered that there are conservative but significant differences by gender and sexual orientation of the individual in relationship values. In their study, it was also discovered that significant interactions demonstrated either from gender

Literary Criticism Of Harrison Bergeron - 986 Words

The short, science-fiction story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† by Kurt Vonnegut is a literary piece in which members of a community abolish the possibilities of reasoning to maintain peace. As said in the story: â€Å"then other people’d get away with it - and soon we’d be right back to the dark ages again, with everybody competing against everybody else† (Vonnegut 2), the society’s government believed that with the introduction of uniqueness and superiority, conflict would arise, because competition to be better would begin. As a result, because of these customs, the Bergeron’s family is severely punished by taking away their fourteen-year-old son, Harrison, because of the characteristics of the Bergeron family’s son: his natural talents and beauty†¦show more content†¦As a result of these laws however, talented individuals were forced to use handicaps. These handicaps were special accessories designed for highly intelligent ind ividuals, so that if they ever attempt to use their supreme mental abilities in any event, this accessory would impair their abilities. Hazel, a citizen within this society, did not use this accessory, since she had a short memory span. Another citizen within the society that was smarter, George, was forced to use this accessory. George had to wear a mental handicap radio around his ear that transmitted abrupt sounds to avoid the outgoing use of his mind. Along with the handicap radio, he had to wear a forty-seven pound of birdshot in a canvas bag to debilitate the use of his strength. Overall, the constitution of this new civilization hindered individuals to think about anything differently so that others that weren’t above the normal capacity standard of mental abilities didn’t feel as if they didn’t belong to the same world, and cause there to be conflict or â€Å"competition,† as the government would say, as a result of these inferiorities. The same w as also applied to individuals who had greater strength than the typical standard – their strength was also impaired to match the ordinary standard set by officials of the government because the government believed differences in strength among citizens would also cause conflict. The H.GShow MoreRelatedHarrison Bergeron1095 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. is a story literally exaggerated to its limit by showing, in the near future, what it means to be equal in every way by having people not being able to show any form of intelligence or creativity whatsoever. When Harrison Bergeron breaks the chains of government oppression, he dies for his failed cause. He dies because he chooses not to conform to the rest of his oppressive society. His parents, George andRead MoreWe Are Not Our Own1208 Words   |  5 PagesEnide Sifrain Professor Stewart English 1102 29 October 2014 We are not our own The story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† written by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. he describes how the world would be enforced by the system of our government. This system the government imposes how to rule the minds of each civilian by diminishing their intellectual brains with handicap devices. The government wants everyone to be equal to each other and if one was more intelligent than the others they had to be labeled with a handicap deviceRead MoreThe Downfalls of Egalitarianism and Television964 Words   |  4 PagesKurt Vonnegut envisioned the fatal outcome in his masterpiece, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron.† The story illustrates â€Å"what would happen if a government or some other power takes this notion serious† (Mowery). The protagonist, Harrison, who is arrest for â€Å"exuberant individuality,† escapes from prison and goes on national television station to declare himself emperor, only later to be killed by the handicap general Diane Moon. In â€Å"Harrison Berger on,† Kurt Vonnegut satirizes the movement toward egalitarianism andRead MoreThe Downfalls of Egalitarianism and Television989 Words   |  4 Pagesto be equal? Kurt Vonnegut envisioned this in his masterpiece, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron.† The story is about â€Å"what would happen if a government or some other power takes this notion serious† (Mowery). The protagonist, Harrison, who is arrest for â€Å"exuberant individuality,† escapes from prison and goes on a national television station to declare himself emperor, only later to be killed by the handicap general Diane Moon. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† Kurt Vonnegut satirizes the movement toward egalitarianism andRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Critical Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the very first time. â€Å"So many people are. Afraid of firemen, i mean. But you’re just a man, after all...† (Bradbury 7) Through this attempt, Bradbury got Readers views for Fahrenheit 451 and the meaning that goes with it. Reader’s response criticism can be an opinion or thought of what the reader thinks or feels about a text or book. From reading the novel Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury uses symbolism to get his point to across to readers about our society’s future. He uses symbolism from theRead MoreHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 PagesThe Short Story. Basic Literary Elements of The Short Story. 1.1.History of The Development of The Short Story. 1.1.1.Early Forms.Origins. The short story refers to a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, usually in narrative format. This format or medium tends to be more pointed than longer works of fiction, such as novellas (in the 20th and 21st century sense) and novels or books. Short story definitions based upon length differ somewhat even among professional writersRead More Slaughterhouse-Five: The Novel and the Movie Essay examples3404 Words   |  14 PagesHappy Birthday, Wanda June (1971) turned out so abominably that he asked to have his name removed from it; and he found Slapstick of Another Kind (1984) to be perfectly horrible (41,44). (This article was writen prior to Showtimes Harrison Bergeron, and Fine Lines Mother Night). A number of other Vonnegut novels have been optioned, but the film projects have either been abandoned during production or never advanced beyond an unproduced screenplay adaptation, indicating

Marketing Strategies For Fast Food Outlets - 1593 Words

Fast food outlets use a wide range of marketing strategies to maximise sales, and is ‘a big part of fast food success’ (Money Instructor). This study relates to the economic and environmental area of study as it addresses contemporary marketing strategies and the promotion of purchases within the franchise. The aim of this study will be to investigate marketing strategies, particularly promotional and advertising, adapted by fast food outlets in order to unveil successful advertising strategies. What promotions are used by fast food outlets to encourage more sales? What advertising strategies are used by fast food outlets to encourage more sales? How effective are these strategies in maximising sales? The intention throughout this study is to use predominantly primary sources whilst also utilising secondary sources to gain information. A personal understanding is already attained which gives immediate insight into the topic. Internet skills will be developed through using search engines such as Google Scholar and Google to gain useful information and as well as emails and Survey Monkey. Using Survey Monkey will allow the investigation’s source count to expand whilst also allowing a means to communicate with the public. Interviews will be held to gain inside, appropriate and accurate information. There may be possible bias if interviewing people in direct contact with the marketing and advertising of these franchises and limitations may present themselves when using theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Pl Subway Marketing Strategy1042 Words   |  5 PagesSummary The marketing plan bonds with the overall financial and business plan. This plan contents a strategy for success, and breaks it down into coherent, actionable components that will aid The Sub Shop to implement marketing activities to obtain a return on investment. The following areas will help explain, how the company organise differentiation from the competition, and define the strategy that will drive its business forward. The aim of the marketing plan is to evaluate Subway marketing strategiesRead MoreCompany Background Of Kentucky Fried Chicken1283 Words   |  6 Pagesï  ¶ COMPANY BACKGROUND: Kentucky Fried Chicken is a fast food restaurant chain that specialises in fried chicken. The company is a subsidiary of Yum Brands, which is a restaurant company that also owns the Pizza Hut. It is considered to be world’s second restaurant chain with approximately 19000 outlets in 118 countries. ï  ¶ SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING: †¢ SEGMENTATION: GEOGRAPHIC City: Metro, tier I and Tier II cities DEMOGRAPHIC Age: 15 to 45 Gender: Male Female Income: Middle andRead MoreMcdonalds Marketing Strategy1136 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Principles Individual Assessment, Part 1 Company: McDonalds Corporation McDonald’s is the world’s largest fast-food restaurant chain. It has more than 32,000 restaurants in over 100 countries, generates sales revenue of over $ 60billion and services over one billion customers every year (over 58 million customers daily). Question 1: In a highly competitive business environment most companies have moved away from mass marketing and toward target marketing, identifying market segmentsRead MoreChannels of Distribution: McDonalds.871 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction. 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Currently as we see the data there are more than 50 million people per day enjoying foods from McDonalds, burgers, nuggets, French fries are their popular foods that they sell at the daily basis. even though we don’t have a branch in our country Nepal but the marketing and the brand awarene ss is so high that we most of the people know the tagline and the most essenceRead MoreMarketing Strategy Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing strategy: Target audience Product Strategy Pricing Strategy Communication Strategy College students We will be promoting our products through sports events. Happy hours from 10 a.m – 1 p.m with a discount 15% ona bill of more than Rs.300. Corporates Free delivery to offices Corporate discounts of 10% on bill exceeding Rs. 1000. Children We would try to attract the children with cartoon characters and distribution of free toys. Other Strategies : ArrangingRead MoreMc Donalds Maketing Strategies Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagesthe marketing strategies being pursued by McDonalds and identify the market dominance, which has lead to McDonalds being on of the most successful multi-nationals to date. Effective marketing has enabled McDonalds to create a worldwide demand for fast food. ‘The aim of marketing is to make selling superfluous. The aim is to know and to understand the customer so well that the product or service fits him/her and sells itself! Peter Drucker, Cited in Marketing Concepts Strategies p6 Read MoreLasting Effect Of Marketing On Children Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of Marketing to Children In the past few decades, fast food companies has invested heavily in advertising to children and young adults, in return they’ll become the future of consumers of the next generation prolong business profits. Children between the ages 8 to 12 years old are exposed highest to fast food media marketing and those years are critical stages of development as this forms their eating habits for adulthood. Fast food corporations are utilizing all sources of outlet to advertiseRead MoreBusiness Functions Of An Organization1476 Words   |  6 Pages2011). If the establishment of new organisation in a business environment is easy, any new company can open their shops very easily. Furthermore, when the market rules and regulations are easy and friendly for the organisation to open the business outlets. Therefore the existing organisations have to offer the products and services in a lower price with excellent quality so that the new organisations face difficulty to offer similar standard products and services. 4.5 Threats of Substitutes: The threatsRead MoreMarketing And Its Effect On Consumer Food Choices Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagestheir businesses on a higher level by using different marketing strategies. We as people probably do not realize that we using marketing in our everyday lives. According to Kerin and Hartley (2017), As a consumer, you’ve been involved in thousands of marketing decisions, but mostly on the buying and not the selling side (p. 4). Marketing has become more and more popular in today’s society. Marketing is a huge norm in everyday life. Marketing the activity for creating, communicating, delivering, and

Analysis of Marrysong Dennis Scott free essay sample

Then Scott having to ‘chart’ – suggesting the creation of a map in order to discover his wife, this emphasises the exploration of this ‘new-found-land’. The poem suggests an unsure attitude, as we see in the first line, ‘year after year’ we don’t know whether this suggest a long, drawn out relationship that could become dull, or whether this means he is happy, and the year after year suggests commitment. Time takes a prominent role in the poem, with what is described as ‘year after year’ is then shortened to passing ‘seasons’ then shrunk still to an ‘hour’ until the shifting of moods becomes sudden, ‘suddenly she would change’. This suggests confusion within the relationship for Scott, as the changing of her attitudes becomes unexplainable and undetectable. This unpredictability leads us to the point of the heavy use of ‘enjambment’ in the first five lines, painting a vivid picture of uncertainty for Scott; conversely, as the poem progresses, we see a much more structured approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Marrysong Dennis Scott or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the contrary, the poem as a whole is generally lacking in structure. The constant use of caesurae, which breaks lines using pauses, denoted by commas and full stops. Also, the stutter of ‘[a]ll, all’’ disrupts the flow of the poem much like the punctuation mentioned. This disruptiveness also contributes to the uncertainty of Scott within the marriage. However, as we approach the concluding lines of the poem Scott evokes a discovery of certainty. He says ‘accepting her geography’ and stating that he ‘wondered’ which maybe suggests that he has no need to wander anymore. This final couplet also features a rhyming final two lines, which suggests stability and an atmosphere of certainty. The oxymoronic use of ‘jaunty helpless journey’ suggest that Scott is at his lover’s mercy; this is significant, as the whole poem conveys the idea that the woman dominates the relationship, and that Scott is exploring her and trying to figure her out. At the beginning of the poem we see that Scott says that she is under control by saying ‘under his eye’, this oxymoron features near to the end of the poem and, with numerous time frames being described in the lines between these two phrases, seems to suggest that after all this time he still has not been able to work her out or even gain control of their relationship. Conversely, this contrasts with the following two lines in which Scott is stated to have figured her out ‘find his way among the landscapes of her mind’. The fourth line, ‘in the walled anger of her quarried hurt’ takes a prominent role within the poem. The use of ‘walled’ and ‘quarried’ suggests an inescapable ‘territory’ into which Scott seems to be stuck. ‘Quarried’ also suggests that Scott is trying to unearth her personality, with ‘walled’ being the defensive behavior with which he does this. Love is a dangerous unreliable territory seems to be one of the main themes evoked by the poem. We see that Scott is continuously trying to gain power in the relationship. This seems to be unobtainable throughout the poem, however the title in itself reveals a childlike innocence about Scott; ‘Marrysong’ isn’t really a word, and sounds like a word a child would make up. It also evokes the bewildering nature of love and the complexity of marriage. Ovid: Ars Amatoria 1. 469-78 states that ‘dura tamen saxa’ (nonetheless, hard rocks) ‘molii cavantur aqua’ (are hollowed out by soft water). At one stage of the poem Scott states that one can see ‘cool water laughing where the day before there were stones in her voice’ – Scott maybe saying that the water hollowed out the rocks and overcame the rocks to make way for love. Furthermore, in relation to territory, Ovid states that ‘capta vides Pergama sero capita tamen’ (You can see that Troy was captured after a long delay, but she was captured in the end) relating to Scott claiming that his lover’s logic is like a territory needing to be explored, and the references of time relate to Ovid stating that Troy was captured ‘after a while’.

Stage Right free essay sample

The highlight of my nonexistent acting career occurred at age four. That was the summer my parents enrolled me, a puffball-haired pixie with a vivid imagination, in a week-long acting class at the local children’s theater. Our production was â€Å"The Fool,† an Indian fable about a man who is bamboozled by (and ultimately outsmarts) a band of tricksters, cheats, and mischief-makers. My most significant contribution was loudly proclaiming to the Fool, â€Å"That’s a mighty fine lookin’ goat ya’ got there!† as I thumped his prize water buffalo on the flanks. However, the most memorable part of that week was not my bovine-swindling endeavors, but an unexpected interruption that occurred midweek. As I recall, the acting coach had placed all of the students at various locations about the room like squirrelly Chinese checker pieces in order to teach us the basic concepts of â€Å"stage left,† â€Å"stage right,† and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on Stage Right or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was patiently portraying â€Å"right center† when I noticed that that â€Å"stage right,† a friend from my neighborhood, was looking greener by the second. Before I could alert the teacher, it happened. Puke: projectile, odiferous, and the kind of sickly pinkish color that comes from overdosing on Kool-Aid. The next few minutes were a blur of towels, toilets, and antiseptic. When my parents came to pick me up from the acting class, I was nowhere to be found. They panicked. They began frantically searching the lonely building on State Street for their four-year-old, silently cursing the adults in charge of the class for letting me slip away. My parents burst into a remote bathroom to find me, holding â€Å"Stage Right’s† hand as she continued to lose her lunch. They looked at me in disbelief, and asked me what in God’s name I thought was doing. I peered up at my parents with the kind of pure solemnity that only children can master, and told them, â€Å"I’m here because she’s my friend.† Many years have passed since then, and although on the outside I am significantly more conscious of viruses and bacteria, I like to think I haven’t changed too much on the inside. I still delight in goofing around and being unafraid to get up on stage and buffalo-swindle. I affirm that when you take yourself too seriously, you get tunnel vision, and the little girls in need of a friend will fall into your blind spot. I live knowing that it’s worth the dirt and the germs to enter into sticky situations for the sake of another human, regardless of whether they are as easily adorable and vulnerable as a puking tot, since all people have a spark that makes them a little bit divine. I place my trust in the kind of eloquence children have and the way they simply understand what it means to do good. Finally, I still believe in love, and hope never to forget what I knew instinctively as a four-year-old: that compass ion is the root of beauty and the seed of a life well lived.

The Extended Mind

Clark and Chalmers argued that â€Å"beliefs can be partly constituted by features of the environment, when those features play the right role in driving cognitive processes† (Clark Chalmers, p.12). This argument is important in the world of cognitive science because for many centuries scientists were trying to understand how the mind works.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Extended Mind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The mind is capable of a range of activities that can be described as both simple and complex. For simple processes scientists are able to provide an equally simple explanation which is linked to human adaptation. But when it comes to certain human behavior specially those generated from beliefs there are no clear answers. It is therefore important to acknowledge the contribution made by Clark and Chalmers in the attempt to know more about the cognitive process. Before going any further it is imperative to highlight the necessity of beliefs with regards to human behavior. Without beliefs as foundation of behavior nothing can be accomplished. Consider for instance the example wherein a man calls a woman and asks her to go on a date. The man said that he regrets to inform her that he cannot pick her up and instead requires her to take a taxi and bring herself to a particular five-star restaurant located in the downtown area. The first thing that the woman does is not initiate a complicated mental process but to simply access her beliefs. She could either believe that she knows where the place is or she believes that she does not know where it is and therefore requires the assistance of a phone book in order for her to inquire where the said restaurant is located. Clark and Chalmer’s argument can only be verified if there is indeed a preliminary step that occurs before complex brain functions commences.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's se e if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, it is important to agree on this part that before the brain leaps to action it first access the person’s beliefs regarding a particular stimulus or challenge. In this case the problem is the need to move from point A to point B – the woman has to navigate her way from her house to the restaurant. In developing their argument Clark and Chalmers illustrated a similar problem. A girl tried to find a museum by determining first her beliefs regarding her knowledge about the exact address and location of the museum. It is only after being certain of this belief that the girl accessed her memory to figure out that the museum is located in a certain place with a certain street sign. A boy on the other hand does cannot access him memory because of a certain disease but he believes that the address of the museum was written down in a notebook that he carries with him wherever he goes. The next thin g that he did is to consult the notebook and by doing so he was able to determine the exact location of the museum. In the two illustrations mentioned above there is a link between the brain and the physical environment. But it must be clarified that the brain is not utterly dependent on the physical environment in order to perform all of its functions. Nevertheless, it was also made clear that the brain can indeed utilise certain aspects of the environment to solve a problem or to perform a certain action. This argument makes sense because the mind and the body cannot exist apart from a physical world. Furthermore, the problems and challenges that human beings have to deal with on a daily basis are part of the physical world. For instance, a woman’s desire to meet up with someone has to do with time and location. These are features of the environment. Time, distance, and direction are inputs needed by the brain to provide a specific solution. But Clark and Chalmer’s a rgument goes beyond the brain’s capability to utilise resources because it has more to do with the mind’s ability to extend itself outside of the human body. Role of the Environment The beliefs of a human being with regards to solving a problem can be partly constituted by what can be seen and sensed in the physical world. In other words the mind can be extended on certain features of the environment and utilises these objects and materials into tools that helps the person access particular information or generate a solution to a problem.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Extended Mind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, not everything can be used and the mind cannot be extended to any object. The criteria to include nonbiological candidates for inclusion into an individual’s cognitive system are listed below (Menary, p.46): That the resource be reliably available and typically invo ked. That any information thus retrieved be more or less automatically endorsed. It should not usually be subject to critical scrutiny. It should be deemed about as trustworthy as something retrieved clearly from biological memory. That information contained in the resource should be easily accessible as and when required. The mind can be extended only on objects that can help the mind access a set of data without having to expend a great deal of resources in doing so. It must be achieved flawlessly in the same way that the brain can access biological memory. This brings to the conclusion that what makes humans so much more cognitively capable is not merely the improved structure of their brains but their amazing capacities to create and maintain a variety of special external structures (symbolic and social-institutional) by which Clark means language and culture (Logan, p.223). In the illustration provided the boy utilised a notebook but in other settings human utilise symbols bui lt into language and culture. Clark clarifies by stating that: Mind cannot usefully be extended willy-nilly into the world. The notebook is always there – it is not locked in the garage, or rarely consulted. The information it contains is easy to access and use. The information is automatically endorsed – not subject to critical scrutiny, unlike the musings of a companion on a bus. Finally, the information was originally gathered and endorsed by the current user (unlike the entries in the encyclopaedia† (Marraffa, Caro, Ferretti, p.217). It can therefore be argued that the mind selects certain features of the environment and locks into it to develop a system of retrieval of information and interpretation of meaning. This is nothing new. For many decades researchers were able to prove that language and culture are symbols that the human mind can access to determine meaning and conformity to a particular set of rules and expectations (Denton, p.17).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Extended Mind The theory of the extended mind is plausible because of the fact that human beings live within a physical environment. Human life is impossible it is detached from a physical world. Thus, the interconnection and the overlap are very difficult to separate. It is like a fish living in the ocean. Only someone who lives outside that system can perceive that water and fish are different entities but the fish has no idea that there is a world beyond that realm. Human beings are more intelligent than fishes. Humans can easily make the distinction that there is an atmosphere and that there are different types of elements and chemicals present in this world. But humans cannot envision a world outside the physical reality. In other words humans cannot think, live, breathe or make conjecture outside that physical realm (Barden Williams, p.37). Therefore, the connection is constant and occurs even without conscious thought. The second reason why the theory is plausible is based o n the findings of other researchers in the field of cognitive science. For instance one researcher made a comment that: â€Å"It would, therefore, be no great surprise if the theory of mind and the theory of symbols were some day to converge† (Fodor, p.xi). The mind can manipulate symbols and can break codes even without prior knowledge regarding a particular set of symbols or language. Furthermore, philosophers and thinkers of the past had discovered the power of the mind to function even beyond the context of biology. For example Descartes discovered that persons who had lost a limb could be led to think that this â€Å"limb† was being moved, or pained, merely by stimulating parts of the nervous system. This sort of information led Descartes to the conclusion that there must be some kind of contact between the mental and physical worlds, and that the contact must take place in the brain (Popkin Stroll, p.125). This is the challenge faced by researchers in cognitive science. It is no longer enough to simply label the brains functions as occurring in three different levels: a) physical; b) procedural; and c) computational (Dawson, p.33). It is equally important to find out the specific action taken. This study does not attempt to explain the complex functions of the brain. It simply provides an overview of a particular action of the brain when it comes to the utilisation of the physical world in order to generate information and solve problems. Conclusion Clark and Chalmer’s argument can be understood only if it can be proven that the action of accessing beliefs comes prior to complex cognitive functioning. Complex cognitive functions can be used to describe activities like accessing memory and solving a problem. In this view, the mind looks for a correlation with regards to a particular problem and beliefs regarding that particular issue. It is only after determining a person’s beliefs regarding that problem that brain initiates h igh-level functioning. Thus, Clark and Chalmers argued convincingly that in that gap, in a moment of inaction, the brain extends itself to objects that can be found in the environment to facilitate the problem solving process. The best example is the use of language and culture. Thus, the extended mind theory is plausible because the evidence of this phenomenon does exist. In the case of language and culture the brain requires very little effort. A child talking to his or her parents does not require a prodigious amount of brain power to complete the task. A person feeling shame because of breaking a particular tradition does not have to use high-levels of brain functioning to feel uncomfortable. The mind extends itself because it can and it is efficient to do so. Works Cited Barden, Nicola Tina Williams. Words and Symbols. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Clark, Andy David Chalmers. The Extended Mind. MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. Dawson, Michael. The Classical View of Information Processing. MA: Blackwell Publishers. Denton, Robert. Language, Symbols and the Media. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2006. Fodor, Jerry. Psychosemantics: The Problem of Meaning in the Philosophy of Mind. London: MIT Press, 1987. Logan, Robert. The Extended Mind: The Emergence of Language, the Human Mind  and Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. Marraffa, Massimo, Mario de Caro, Francesco Ferretti. Cartographies of the Mind. New York: Springer, 2007. Menary, Richard. The Extended Mind London: MIT Press, 2010. Pinker, Steven. How the Mind Works. New York: Penguin, 1999. Popkin, Richard Avrum Stroll. Philosophy Made Simple. MA: Elsevier, 1993. This essay on The Extended Mind was written and submitted by user Nova Weber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Critical Evaluation Essay Leo Szilards Argument

The Critical Evaluation Essay Leo Szilards Argument Even those people who do not know the details of the â€Å"Manhattan Project† have strong negative associations while focusing on the notion. The explanation to this phenomenon is in the fact that the â€Å"Manhattan Project† is the assignment developed by a group of the US scientists who worked out the atomic bomb to prevent the Nazi attacks during World War II.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Critical Evaluation Essay: Leo Szilard’s Argument specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the history of using the first American atomic bombs is associated with Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki the population of which suffered significantly from the dangerous effects of atom (Bernstein). The group of scientists who created the weapon of mass destruction tried to prevent the usage of atomic bombs with the help of providing the petition to the President. Although the petition was developed by th e head of the project Leo Szilard and signed by the scientists who participated in creating the bomb, the argument presented by Szilard cannot be discussed as effective to persuade the audience to change the decision. In â€Å"A Petition to the President of the United States†, Szilard follows the definite structure, accentuating the introductory part and concluding statements. However, the main part of the petition does not include the factual information to support the claims presented in the introductory part. Thus, the author uses the effective hook to draw the audience’s attention to the petition and appeal to the readers’ emotions. Szilard states, â€Å"Discoveries of which the people of the United States are not aware may affect the welfare of this nation in the near future† (Szilard). This statement makes people continue the reading of the petition. The audience of the petition is the President of the USA. That is why, the direct appeal to the Pres ident is presented in the further sentence, â€Å"It places in your hands, as Commander-in-Chief, the fateful decision whether or not to sanction the use of such bombs in the present phase of the war against Japan† (Szilard). The next paragraphs are expected to provide the arguments for the President to make the right decision and not to use the atomic bombs in the war against Japan. However, the body paragraphs include only vague considerations which are not supported by any evidences or data and developed only to evoke the definite emotions (Gest).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The tone of the petition can be discussed as emotional rather than convincing. The author uses general sentences in which there are a lot of words with different connotative meanings, but there is the lack of factual arguments to support the main ideas presented by Szilard. Fo r instance, stating â€Å"We feel, however, that such an attack on Japan could not be justified in the present circumstances†, Szilard does not present any reasons why the attack on Japan cannot be justified (Szilard). In spite of the fact the author appeals to the morality and ethical principles, there are no arguments associated with morality in the petition’s text in order to state strictly that the usage of atomic bombs is impossible or to accentuate the impossibility of the annihilation of cities and people with references to moral laws. That is why, it is necessary to note that the author uses the convincing tone ineffectively because it is based only on the emotional aspect. To support the view on the effectiveness of Szilard’s usage of the tone which is rather unconvincing in the context of the petition and the problem discussed, it is important to pay attention to the modes of persuasion used by the author. The petition is developed by the scientists wh o created the atomic bombs. That is why, it is possible to speak about the authors’ authority. Szilard uses the ethos, stating â€Å"We, the undersigned scientists, have been working in the field of atomic power for a number of years† (Szilard). From this point, the participation of the author in creating the atomic bomb can be discussed as the reason to take Szilard’s arguments into consideration and pay much attention to their discussion. Nevertheless, the author does not provide the necessary arguments to support his authoritative position in discussing the question. However, the author concentrates on using the pathos in his text. The petition can be considered as rather emotional. Szilard is inclined to use emotionally vivid comparisons to present the idea, for instance, â€Å"a nation †¦ may have to bear the responsibility of opening the door to an era of devastation on an unimaginable scale† (Szilard). The focus on appealing to the audienceâ⠂¬â„¢s emotions cannot be used as the effective method to organize the petition. The next fallacy of the argument is the lack of the factual information and data which can be used to support the author’s ideas. Szilard presents ambiguous sentences which can be interpreted not in favor of the author and contribute to developing contradictions in understanding the vision. Moreover, providing the key ideas, Szilard does not concentrate on their support with evidences and facts to build the logical argument. For instance, the statement â€Å"atomic bombs are primarily a means for the ruthless annihilation of cities† has no any supporting facts after it (Szilard).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Critical Evaluation Essay: Leo Szilard’s Argument specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To conclude, Leo Szilard’s argument cannot be discussed as successful because it has weaknesses in structure, and the tone of the author is not convincing. Furthermore, the modes of persuasion are not used effectively to make the audience change the view. The text lacks the logical arguments and factual information to make the petition credible and persuasive. Bernstein, Barton. â€Å"An Analysis of â€Å"Two Cultures†: Writing about the Making and the Using of the Atomic Bombs†. The Public Historian 12.1 (1990): 83-107. Print. Gest, Howard. The July 1945 Szilard Petition on the Atomic Bomb. n.d. Web. Szilard, Leo. A Petition to the President of the United States (July 3, 1945). n.d. Web. atomicarchive.com/Docs/ManhattanProject/SzilardPetition.shtml.